It defines the consumers' preferences and negatively impacts sesame breeders' effort to meet seeds' market demands. Seed coat color is an important agronomic trait in sesame that determines the seed's biochemistry and influences its nutritional and therapeutical values ( 8, 11). Thus, the need to evaluate other solvents and identify the most efficient for metabolites profiling analysis of sesame seeds. However, the same analytical method applied to different colored sesame seeds unrevealed the pigments responsible for seeds' coat color variation ( 10). In sesame, metabolomics analysis of methanol extracts identified a wide range of metabolites, including nutrients and diverse bioactive compounds, and helped understand some processes such as seed antioxidant activities and the pigmentation of flowers ( 8– 10). Only a comprehensive and repeatable extraction method may provide reliable data since the metabolites that will be identified are those that were extracted, and the conclusions will be made based on incomplete information ( 6, 7). Of them, the extraction is the critical step that greatly affects the results ( 6). Metabolomics experiments usually consist of four steps: samples collection, extraction, analysis of the extract, data reduction, and statistical analyses. It provides high-quality data on food biochemistry and helps understand biological processes ( 5). Among them, metabolomics has emerged as the most important tool for chemical characterization of the metabolome underpinning the phenotype of organisms through the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites and the evaluation of changes in the metabolite profiles due to stresses or perturbations ( 4). Accordingly, several advanced analytical methods have been developed to access food's quality and implement the food pharmacy, which in turn may increase consumption of healthful diets ( 3). Furthermore, they show that black sesame seeds are promising sources of edible melanin for food and biotechnological applications.įood and nutrition play critical roles in the management, prevention, treatment, and in some cases, reversal of human diseases ( 1, 2).
Our findings widen our understanding of dark seeds pigmentation in sesame. Through a comprehensible LC-MS/MS-based metabolome profiles analysis of NaOH and methanol extracts of black and white sesame seeds, caffeic, protocatechuic, indole-carboxylic, homogentisic, ferulic, vanillic, and benzoic acids were identified as the potential precursors of the sesame melanin. Both melanins were heat-stable and exhibited numerous characteristic absorption peaks. The results clearly showed that the isolated pigments were similar to melanin from other sources. Physicochemical methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), solubility, precipitation, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), were used to characterize the sesame melanins. Herein, we report the isolation of melanin by the alkali method from the black and brown sesame seeds.
However, a thorough assessment of seed coat metabolites is lacking, and the dark pigment in the seed coat is not well-characterized. Its seed phenotypes determine the seed quality values. Sesame is a worldwide oilseed crop used in the food pharmacy. 4UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France.3CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France.2Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Biotechnologie Végétales, Faculté Des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo.1Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.Senouwa Segla Koffi Dossou 1,2 †, Zishu Luo 1 †, Zhijian Wang 1, Wangyi Zhou 1, Rong Zhou 1, Yanxin Zhang 1, Donghua Li 1, Aili Liu 1, Komivi Dossa 3,4, Jun You 1 * and Linhai Wang 1 *
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